As global trade fragments and tariffs return, economic power is increasingly defined not by financial scale alone, but by productive strength. At the World Economic Forum in Davos last month, leaders spoke openly about a harsher world order.
Chinese Vice-Premier He Lifeng warned that trade wars have no winners. European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen called for a new security architecture amid rising protectionism. French President Emmanuel Macron described a world becoming more fragmented and brutal.
What is changing is not just trade policy, but the basis of power itself: from who prices assets best to who can still build, supply and sustain them when systems come under strain.
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Behind these concerns lies an older question: can nations sustain influence when finance outpaces production?
History suggests they struggle. Power has long rested on the ability to produce things – roads, ports, machine tools and more recently, software, data and artificial intelligence systems, at least so long as these translate into real output rather than inflated expectations.
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Problems arise when societies become better at trading titles to future income than at expanding productive capacity in the present.
