China’s fall is heavily tied to decades of maintaining a strict one-child policy for married couples, which ended in 2016.
In addition, its falling birth rates are also attributed to the rising cost of living and the growing number of Chinese women going into the workforce and seeking higher education.
Meanwhile, India’s population “is virtually certain” to continue to grow in the coming decades, according to the United Nations.
Last year, China’s fertility rate fell to one of the lower levels in the world at 1.2 births per woman. For India, which has taken much longer than China to get population growth under control, the fertility rate was 2.0 births per woman, just below the 2.1 replacement level.
“India’s lower human capital investment and slower economic growth during the 1970s and 1980s contributed to a more gradual fertility decline than in China,” the UN said.
India faces huge challenges providing electricity, food and housing for its growing population, with many of its massive cities already struggling with water shortages, air and water pollution, and packed slums.
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‘Our resources are limited’: India’s battle to curb high birth rates in Bihar state
Surpassing China shines a spotlight on the challenge facing Prime Minister Narendra Modi to provide jobs for the millions of young people entering the job market every year.
Meanwhile China’s economy is increasingly challenged to fill positions due to its ageing population.
Beijing said last week that its national strategy is designed “to actively respond to population ageing, promotes the three-child birth policy and supporting measures, and actively responds to changes in population development”.
“China’s demographic dividend has not disappeared. The talent dividend is taking shape, and development momentum remains strong,” foreign ministry spokesman Wang Wenbin said.
